畜禽粪便有机肥资源利用探讨

畜禽粪便不但严重污染环境,对人体健康也会产生诸多的影响,畜禽粪便的治理及综合利用一直以来备受人们的关注,我国较重视畜禽粪便资源化、无害化处理技术的研发,尤其鼓励有机肥技术的应用开发。研究以西丰县康洁生物有机肥有限公司为例,介绍生物有机肥技术应用的工艺。结果表明:该技术可获得较好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益,可减少504tCOD及54t氨氮排放,对畜禽粪便的治理及利用具有积极的促进作用。     

大豆蛋白的种类及在畜禽生产中的应用

大豆蛋白是从大豆类产品中提取出来的一种植物性蛋白质,其氨基酸组成与牛奶蛋白质相近。大豆蛋白中除蛋氨酸含量较低外,其余必需氨基酸的含量均比较丰富,其营养价值与动物蛋白质相同。     

病死禽畜生化处理机的设计与研制

利用高温堆肥原理研制生产出的病死禽畜残体堆肥生化处理设备,具有撕碎、搅拌、加热、保温、接种发酵、废气净化处理等功能,可以对病死禽畜残体进行搅拌、加热杀菌、通风加氧进行发酵处理,最后制成有机肥料。     

家畜行为智能监测系统的研究进展

家畜行为是家畜心里、生理健康状况的外在表现。家畜行为监测、分析有利于建立行为模型并发觉异常行为,减少经济损失。目前国内主要依赖于养殖人员人工观察方式监测家畜行为,主观性强且精度低。随着现代信息技术的不断发展,智能化行为监测方法也在快速发展和不断更新。论文阐述了基于电子测量仪器的运动识别、基于视频的动作状态识别和基于声音的情绪表达识别方法的研究现状,进一步展望了家畜行为智能监测系统的后续研究方向,以期建立家畜行为数据采集数据库和行为分析专家系统,挖掘家畜行为的深层含义。     

Risk of Infectious Gastroenteritis in Young Children Living in Québec Rural Areas with Intensive Animal Farming: Results of a Case–Control Study (2004–2007)

This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiology of severe gastroenteritis in children living in Québec rural areas with intensive livestock activities. From September 2005 through June 2007, 165 cases of gastroenteritis in children aged from 6 months to 5 years, hospitalized or notified to the public health department were enrolled, and 326 eligible controls participated. The parents of cases and controls were asked questions about different gastroenteritis risk factors. The quality of the drinking water used by the participants was investigated for microbial indicators as well as for four zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Yersinia spp) and two enteric parasites (Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp). From 134 stool specimen analysed, viruses were detected in 82 cases (61%), while 28 (21%) were found with at least one of the bacteria investigated, and five cases were infected by parasites. Campylobacteriosis was the main bacterial infection (n = 15), followed by Salmonella sp (n = 7) and E. coli O157:H7 (n = 5) among cases with bacterial gastroenteritis. No significant difference was found between cases and controls regarding the quality of water consumed; the frequency of faecal contamination of private wells was also similar between cases and controls. Considering the total cases (including those with a virus), no link was found between severe gastroenteritis and either being in contact with animals or living in a municipality with the highest animal density (4th quartile). However, when considering only cases with a bacterial or parasite infection (n = 32), there was a weak association with pig density that was not statistically significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Contact with domestic, zoo or farm animals were the only environmental factor associated with the disease.     

Knowledge and attitudes of Australian livestock producers concerning biosecurity practices

Biosecurity risks are a major threat to the profitability of the industry as well as impacting human and animal health. Livestock producers play a crucial role in biosecurity as the first to notice changes in the health or productivity of their stock and are generally responsible for implementing protective measures. However, uptake of biosecurity measures by producers is variable. We critically appraised the current literature regarding biosecurity practices in Australian livestock industries and highlight aspects that are well understood as well as those where further research or information is needed. Findings from 12 cross-sectional studies suggest that Australian producers' knowledge of biosecurity methods and importance might have a positive influence on their willingness to implement or incorporate biosecurity practices. There is moderate evidence supportive of biosecurity being well understood by livestock producers across Australia. Barriers to producers using biosecurity practices included lack of information or communication from agricultural, veterinary or government organisations. It was found that larger stock numbers were positively correlated with biosecurity implementation and that producers used veterinarians, government and industry agencies as resources for trusted information.     

The effect of breed,sex, and drug concentration on the pharmacokinetic profile of ivermectin in cattle

Ivermectin (IVM) is one of the most widely used antiparasitic drugs worldwide and has become the drug of choice for anthelmintic and tick treatment in beef cattle production. It is known that pharmacokinetic parameters are fundamental to the rational use of a drug and food safety and these parameters are influenced by different factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of IVM in Bos indicus, Bos taurus, and crossbreed cattle (B. indicus × B. taurus) kept under same field conditions and the possible impacts of sex and IVM formulation (1% and 3.15%). It was observed that IVM concentration was significantly affected by breed. The plasma concentrations of IVM, AUC, C_max, and t_1/2β were significantly higher in B. indicus compared to B. taurus. Crossbreed animals showed an intermediate profile between European and Indian cattle. No alteration in pharmacokinetics parameters was detected when comparing different gender. Concerning the pharmacokinetic data of IVM formulation, it was verified that T_max, AUC, and t_1/2β were higher in 3.15% IVM animals than those from 1% IVM formulation. The results clearly indicated that the IVM plasma concentrations in B. indicus were higher than that in B. taurus.     

Biological functions of circRNAs and their progress in livestock and poultry

CircRNAs are a new member of endogenous RNAs, which characterized by a closed-loop structure without terminated 5′ caps and 3′ tails via covalent bonding, which are evolutionarily conserved among different species and often exhibit tissue or developmental stage-specific expression. So far, thousands of circRNAs have been discovered in eukaryotic cells. CircRNAs are more stable due to its resistance to exonuclease implying important biological functions in all kingdoms of life. They could function as miRNA sponges, interfere with splicing and bind to protein to regulate the expression of host genes and so on. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that circRNAs are closely related to a series of physiological processes in livestock and poultry. In this review, we summarized the biogenesis mechanism, major biological function and detection methods and focused on research advance of circRNAs in livestock and poultry, aiming at providing certain reference value and novel techniques for the development of new molecular genetic markers and breeding of livestock and poultry. Meanwhile, we hope this review could show significant prospect for other researches.     

临泽县草畜产业发展现状和建议

本文通过对临泽县草畜产业发展现状、存在问题进行阐述,提出了几点建议,对今后草畜产业的发展具有一定的指导意义。     

片球菌抑菌机制及其在畜禽生产中的应用

寻找抗生素替代品是养殖业面临的一大课题。片球菌（Pediococcus）是饲料添加目录中允许的益生菌之一,它是一种革兰氏阳性乳酸菌。大量研究表明,片球菌在食品、医疗和养殖行业中有着巨大的应用价值,它们在宿主肠道黏膜细胞表面具有的良好的定植能力,减少了其他细菌的黏附。同时,片球菌能够产生包括片球菌素、有机酸和过氧化氢在内的许多抗菌物质,因而在抑制病原菌生长、改善肠道微生物群落结构、刺激宿主免疫、促进养殖动物生产健康并提升动物生长性能等方面表现出良好的益生性能,但是相比较其他益生菌而言其关注程度不高。作者总结了片球菌产生抑菌物质的种类及其抑菌机制,介绍了片球菌的黏附和免疫调控作用方式,以及片球菌在猪和鸡等畜禽养殖动物生产上的应用,旨在为其在动物生产中的合理应用提供理论参考。片球菌具有广谱、稳定的抑菌效果,丰富的益生性能,它们有利于畜禽动物健康生长,预防病原菌感染,减少疾病发生,因此值得加大推广和应用的力度。